Wound Infection in Surgical Ward of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Dhaka City: The Identification of Organisms and Their Sensitivity Pattern.

Wound infection is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The aim of this study was to identify the organisms and their sensitivity pattern from wound infection patients attending in a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka city. This cross-sectional study was carried out in a total of 240 aseptically collected wound swab samples from wound infection suspected patients visiting Bangladesh Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh were analyzed from July 2017 to June 2019. Bacteriological culture of the samples, colony morphology, Gram's staining, and biochemical tests were done following standard microbiological techniques. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique following clinical and laboratory standards institute guidelines. Out of 240 wound swab samples from suspected patients of wound infection, 126(52.5%) showed bacterial growth whereas 114(47.5%) were culture negative. No sample yielded more than one organism. Among 126 culture positive cases 75(59.52%) were male and 51(40.48%) were female. The higher rate of bacterial infections 26.19% was noted in the age group of 21-30 years, followed by the age group of 31-40 years, 41-50 years, 51-60 years. Among 126 culture positive cases, 74.6% were Gram negative and 25.4% were Gram positive bacteria. Out of total 126 isolates, E. coli was the most prevalent pathogen 31(24.60%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus 29(23.01%); Pseudomonas 27(21.43%); Klebsiella 18(14.29%); Enterobacter 12(9.52%); Acinetobacter 4(3.17%), while Coagulase negative Staphylococcus 3(2.38%) and Proteus 2(1.59%) were least detected isolates in wound swab. Highly effective antibiotics against Staph aureus were vancomycin 100.0%; imipenem 100.0%; linezolid 100.0% and meropenem 89.65%. Amikacin; gentamicin; netilmicin; imipenem and meropenem showed higher sensitivity in E coli, Klebsiella and Enterobacter species. Colistin was 88.88% effective against Pseudominas spp. followed by imipenem 81.48%, piperacillin-tazobactam 77.78%, meropenem 70.37% and amikacin 51.85%. Acinetobacter spp. showed 75.0% and 50.0% sensitivity to netilmicin and colistin respectively. Injectable and reserve drugs were sensitive to bacterial populations among patients of wound infections in our hospital. It is a wake-up call for clinician to treat wound infections. To prevent the increase resistance to antibiotics, it is necessary to avoid the administration of uncontrolled and unnecessary antibiotics available.

5'UTR sequences of the glucocorticoid receptor 1A transcript encode a peptide associated with translational regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor.

We have recently reported that glucocorticoid receptor (GR) transcript 1A, one of the five mouse GR splice variants (1A-1E), encodes membrane GR (mGR), which subsequently participates in mediating the apoptotic effects of glucocorticoids (GCs); all transcripts vary at their 5'UTR. Computer analysis of the entire1026 bp comprising the 5'UTR of transcript 1A identified five putative translation start sites at positions 85, 217, 478, 628, and 892 with the potential to encode peptides of 33, 93, 6, 18, and 41 amino acids, respectively. We then separately generated point mutations at these five upstream AUG codons of the GR 1A cDNA and performed in vitro transcription/translation experiments to investigate the regulatory effects of these sites on GR synthesis. GR translation products were immuno-captured with BUGR-2 antibody (Ab), then subjected to Western blot analysis. Mutation of the uAUG codon-2 completely inhibited GR synthesis, while mutations at the other four uAUG codons had no significant effect on the translation of transcript 1A. Antibodies (Abs) against the uORF-2 and uORF-5 protein products were used to perform Western blot analysis on cytosolic proteins from S-49 cells (which express GR transcript 1A), U937 cells transfected with GR 1A cDNA, or in vitro translation products from this cDNA. This assay identified an intense immunoreactive band of approximately 8.5 kDa recognized only with Ab to the uORF-2 peptide; this size is consistent with the computer-predicted size of the uORF-2 product, suggesting that the uORF-2 product is indeed synthesized in cells. No peptide was identified with Ab to uORF-5 peptide. Indirect fluorescent Ab staining, confocal microscopy and FACS analysis all showed that the ORF-2 peptide is localized both in the interior of the cell and at the plasma membrane. Using Ab to ORF-2 peptide for immunoadsorption we then asked whether cellular factors interact with the product of uORF-2. Immuno-captured uORF-2 peptide levels correlated with the concentrations of several salt-wash-sensitive cellular proteins, suggesting that protein-protein interactions occur between this upstream open reading frame (uORF) product and other factors. The uORF-2 product, however, does not appear to directly interact with GR, since there was no reciprocal immuno-capture between these two proteins. In summary, our results show that cells can synthesize the uORF-2 peptide, blocking of the synthesis of the uORF-2 peptide product abolishes translation of GR from the GR 1A transcript, and the peptide product of uORF-2 interacts with other cellular factors which might be involved in translation of GR.

[Testosterone levels in testicular and epididymal tissue during histopathologic changes in the testes in bulls]. / Obsah testosteronu ve tkáních varlat a nadvarlat pri histopatologických zmenách ve varlatech býku.

A total of 42 sexual organs of bulls were used to study the relationship between the level of testosterone and the effect of histopathological changes. Genital organs were obtained immediately after slaughter at the Brno abbatoir. Bulls were 14 to 20 months of age and weighed 450 to 650 kg, they were of the Czech Pied, Black and White breeds and their crossbreds. After an assessment of testosterone contents in testicular and epididymal tissues and microscopic examination of organs the concentration of testosterone determined according to the histopathological findings were (Tab. I) as follows. The mean content of testosterone in testicular homogenates was 38.96 +/- 47.0 ng/g. The values for the head, corpus and cauda regions of the epididymal tissue were 5.7 +/- 4.7, 5.3 +/- 5.1 and 3.2 +/- 3.5 ng/g tissue, respectively. The mean level of testosterone in testicular homogenates in the group without histopathological changes of the spermatogenic epithelium was 9.2 +/- 6.77; 5.26 +/- 4.2. In this group the concentration of 5.3 +/- 4.2 from the head 5.4 +/- 5.3 from the corpus and 3.23 +/- 3.26 ng/g tissue were revealed in the cauda of the epididymis. In the group with oedematous infiltration of the interstitium the mean level of testosterone in testicular tissue was determined 16.2 +/- 24.6, in the head of the epididymis it was 6.2 +/- 3.59, in the corpus 4.6 +/- 3.3 and 2.07 +/- 1.2 ng/g of testosterone was obtained from the cauda of the epididymis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)